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ENSO and North Atlantic Hurricanes

Introduction
Annual Cycle of Atlantic Hurricanes
El Niño and La Niña Years for Atlantic Hurricanes
Number of Atlantic Hurricanes per Hurricane Season
Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity
Atlantic Intense Hurricanes
Atlantic Hurricane Tracks
Atlantic Windshear
Atlantic Hurricanes and Global Sea Surface Temperature
References

References

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Cited references
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 Selected references on ENSO and Atlantic hurricanes
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 Selected references on other factors influencing Atlantic hurricanes

Cited references

  • Arkin, P.A. The relationship between interannual variability in the 200 mb tropical wind field and the Southern Oscillation, Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1393-1404 (1982).
  • Avila, L.A., L. and R.J. Pasch, Atlantic tropical systems of 1991, Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 2688-2696, (1992).
  • Avila, L.A. Atlantic tropical systems of 1990, Mon. Wea. Rev. 119, 2027-2033, (1991).
  • Bove, M.C., J.B. Elsner, C.W. Landsea, X. Niu, and J. O'Brien, Effect of El Niño on U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes, Revisited, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477-2482 (1998).
  • DeMaria, M., J.-J. Baik, and J. Kaplan, Upper-level angular momentum fluxes and tropical cyclone intensity change, J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 1133-1147 (1993).
  • Elsner, J.B., K.-B. Liu, and B.Kocher, Spatial variations in major U.S. hurricane activity: Statistics and a physical mechanism, J. Climate 13, 2293-2305, (2000).
  • Folland, C.K., T.N. Palmer, and D.E. Parker, Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901-1985, Nature 320, 602-607 (1986).
  • Goddard L. and N.E. Graham, Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 19099-19116 (1999).
  • Goldenberg S.B. and L.J. Shapiro, Physical mechanisms for the Association of El Niño and West African rainfall with Atlantic Major Hurricane Activity, J. Climate 9, 1169-1187, (1996).
  • Goldenberg, S. B., C.W. Landsea, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez and W.M. Gray, The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications, Science 293,474-479 (2001).
  • Gray, W.M. Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency. Part I: El-Niño and 30-MB Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences, Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649-1688, (1984).
  • Landsea, C.W., G.D. Bell, W.M. Gray , and S.B. Goldenberg, The Extremely Active 1995 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Environmental Conditions and Verification of Seasonal Forecasts, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 1174-1193 (1998).
  • Landsea, C.W., R.A. Pielke Jr., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, and J.A. Knaff, Atlantic basin hurricanes: Indices of climatic changes, Climatic Changes 42, 89-129 (1999).
  • Landsea, C.W. A climatology of intense (or major) atlantic hurricanes, Mon. Wea. Rev. 121, 1703-1713, (1993).
  • Lawrence, M.B., B.M. Mayfield, L.A. Avila, R.J. Pasch, and E.N. Rappaport, Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 1124-1151 (1998).
  • Maloney, E.D. and D.L. Hartmann, Modulation of Hurricane Activity in the Gulf of Mexico by the Madden-Julian Oscillation, Science, 287, 2002-2004, (2000).
  • Mestas-Nuñez A.M. and D.B. Enfield, Rotated Global Modes of Non-ENSO Sea Surface Temperature Variability, J. Climate 12, 2734-2746 (1999).
  • O'Brien, J.J., T.S. Richards, and A.C. Davies, The effect of El Niño on U.S. landfalling hurricanes, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 773-774 (1996).
  • Pasch R.J. and L.A. Avila, Atlantic hurricane season of 1991, Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 2671-2687, (1992).
  • Pasch, R.J., L.A. Avila, and J.-G. Jing, Atlantic tropical systems of 1994 and 1995: A comparison of a quiet season to a near-record-breaking one, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 1106-1123 (1998).
  • Rappaport, E.N. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1997, Mon. Wea. Rev. 127, 2012-2026 (1999).
  • Zehr, R.M. Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific, NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 61, NOAA, Washington D.C. (1992).
  • Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace and D. S. Battisti, ENSO-like Interdecadal Variability: 1900-93, J. Climate 10, 1004-1020 (1997).

Selected references on ENSO and Atlantic hurricanes

  • Gray, W.M. Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency .1. El Niño and 30-mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences, Mon. Wea. Rev. 112, 1649-1668 (1984).
  • Shapiro, L.J. Month-to-month variability of the Atlantic tropical circulation and its relationship to tropical storm formation, Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 1598-1614 (1987).
  • Hess J.C. and J. B. Elsner, Historical Developments Leading to Current Forecast Models of Atlantic Hurricane Activity, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75, 1611-1621 (1994).
  • Goldenberg S.B. and L.J. Shapiro, Physical mechanisms for the association of El Niño and west African rainfall with Atlantic major hurricane activity, J. Climate 9, 1169-1187 (1996).
  • Landsea, C.W., G.D. Bell, W.M. Gray, S.B. Goldenberg, The Extremely Active 1995 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Environmental Conditions and Verification of Seasonal Forecasts, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 1174-1193 (1998).
  • Bove, M.C., J.B. Elsner, C.W. Landsea, X. Niu, and J. O'Brien, Effect of El Niño on U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes, Revisited, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477-2482 (1998).
  • Pielke R.A. and C.W. Landsea, La Niña, El Niño, and Atlantic hurricane damages in the United States, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 2027-2033 (1999).
  • Saunders, M.A, R.E. Chandler, C.J. Merchant, et al., Atlantic hurricanes and NW Pacific typhoons: ENSO spatial impacts on occurrence and landfall, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1147-1150 (2000).
  • Elsner J.B. and B.H. Bossak, Secular Changes to the ENSO-U.S. Hurricanes Relationship, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4123-4126 (2001).

Selected references on other factors influencing Atlantic hurricanes

  • Shapiro, L. Hurricane climate fluctuations. Part I: Patterns and cycles, Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1007-1013; Hurricane climate fluctuations. Part II: Relation to large-scale circulation, Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1014-1023 (1982).
  • Gray, W.M. Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency .1. El Niño and 30-mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences, Mon. Wea. Rev. 112, 1649-1668 (1984).
  • Avila, L.A. Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990, Mon. Wea. Rev. 119, 2027-2033 (1991).
  • Avila L.A. and R.J. Pasch, Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1991, Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 2688-2696 (1992).
  • Gray, W.M., J.D. Sheaffer, and J.A. Knaff, Influence of the stratospheric QBO on ENSO variability, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 70, 975-995 (1992).
  • Landsea, C.W., R.A. Pielke Jr., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez and J. A. Knaff, Atlantic basin hurricanes: Indices of climatic changes, Climatic Changes 42, 89-129 (1999).
  • Elsner, J.B., T. Jagger and X.-F. Niu, Changes in the Rates of North Atlantic Major Hurricane Activity During the 20th Century, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1743-1746 (2000).
  • Elsner, J.B., K.-B. Liu and B. Kocher, Spatial Variations in Major U.S. Hurricane Activity: Statistics and a Physical Mechanism, J. Climate 13, 2293-2305 (2000).
  • Maloney E.D. and D.L. Hartmann, Modulation of Hurricane Activity in the Gulf of Mexico by the Madden-Julian Oscillation, Science 287, 2002-2004 (2000).
  • Goldenberg, S.B., C.W. Landsea, A. M. Mestas-Nunez and W.M. Gray, The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications, Science 293, 474-479 (2001).