Climate Outlook
EUROPE December 2008 - May 2009
Issued: November 2008
The IRI has prepared this experimental Climate Outlook for Europe for December 2008 - May 2009.
Of relevance in the preparation of this outlook is a likelihood that the central and east-central tropical Pacific SSTs will be weakly below average during the four forecast periods, at borderline La Nina levels. Such tropical Pacific conditions are indicated in the SST predictions on which these climate forecasts are based (SSTs). See the IRI's ENSO update for a discussion on the ENSO outlook (see IRI Probabilistic ENSO forecast). Very weakly above average SST is predicted in the equatorial Indian Ocean except near the African coast for the first two forecast periods, moving slowly toward slightly below normal across all of the basin toward the final (fourth) period. SSTs are predicted to be very slightly above average in much of the northern and equatorial tropical Atlantic, and near to slightly below average in part of the south tropical Atlantic, during the four forecast periods. (December-February&2009, January-March 2009, February-April 2009, March-May 2009).
METHODS -
This Outlook was prepared using the following procedures and
information:
A) Coupled ocean-atmosphere model predictions of tropical Pacific SST
covering the forecast period. Particularly heavy weighting has been
given to predictions from the coupled model operated by the NOAA
National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Modeling Branch.
This model suggests a continuation of near-average conditions during the
first forecast season. The forecast for near-neutral conditions is
consistent with some, but not all, numerical and statistical forecasts
of central and eastern Pacific SSTs.
B) Forecasts of the tropical Indian ocean using a statistical model
developed by the IRI.
C) Global atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) predictions of the
atmospheric response to the present and predicted sea-surface
temperature patterns.
D) Other sources of information include
NASA's
Seasonal to Interannual Prediction Project (GSFC-NASA)
and also seasonal prediction research at COLA.
The procedures, models, and data used to derive this Climate Outlook may
be somewhat different from those used by the national meteorological
services in the region. Thus, this product may differ from the official
forecasts issued in those areas. The Climate Outlook for
December 2008 - May 2009
is dependent on the accuracy of the SST predictions. For the
tropical Pacific, these predictions can be expected to provide useful
information, but there is some uncertainty concerning the evolution of
SSTs. Spread in global SST predictions is a source of uncertainty in the
Outlook provided here. Note that even if perfectly accurate SST
forecasts were possible, there would still be uncertainty in the climate
forecast due to chaotic internal variability of the atmosphere. These
uncertainties are reflected in the probabilities given in the forecast.
It is stressed that the current status of seasonal-to-interannual
climate forecasting allows prediction of spatial and temporal averages,
and does not fully account for all factors that influence regional and
national climate variability. This Outlook is relevant only to seasonal
time scales and relatively large areas; local variations should be
expected, and variations within the 3-month season should also be
expected. For further information concerning this and other guidance
products, users are strongly advised to contact their National
Meteorological Services.
OUTLOOK -
This Outlook covers four seasons: December-February&2009,
January-March 2009, February-April 2009 and March-May 2009.
Maps are given showing tercile probabilities of
precipitation and temperature. The maps for precipitation indicate the
probabilities that the seasonal precipitation will fall into the wettest
third of the years (top number), the middle third of the years (middle
number), or the driest third of the years (bottom number). The color
shading indicates the probability of the most dominant tercile -- that
is, the tercile having the highest forecast probability. The color bar
alongside the map defines these dominant tercile probability levels. The
upper side of the color bar shows the colors used for increasingly
strong probabilities when the dominant tercile is the above-normal
tercile, while the lower side shows likewise for the below-normal
tercile. The gray color indicates an enhanced probability for the
near-normal tercile (nearly always limited to 40%). As before, numbers
and their associated histograms show the probabilities of the three
terciles. In areas with lots of spatial detail, there may not be
sufficient room on the map, to allow histograms for each region. In
those cases, some idea of the probabilities may be gained from the color
alone. A qualitative outlook of climatology ("C") indicates that there
is no basis for favoring any particular category.
Areas that are marked by "D" represent regions for which less than 3cm of
precipitation typically occurs over the season.
Otherwise, for example, in the case of
December-February&2009 (Map A), there
is a 25% probability that the precipitation will be in the wettest third
of the years, a 35% chance it will be in the near-normal third of the
years, and a 40% chance that the precipitation will be in the driest
third of the years in part of central and southern France.
Maps of temperature show expected probabilities that the seasonal
temperatures will fall into the warmest third of the years, the middle
third of the years, or the coldest third of the years
(Map A) . The numbers for each region on the temperature maps
indicate the probabilities of temperatures to fall in each of the three
categories, above-, near-, and below-normal.
An additional precipitation
map
is provided for the first season indicating probabilities for extreme
precipitation anomalies. Extremes are defined as anomalies that fall
within the top and bottom 15th percentile of the observed records. A
priori, there is a 15% probability of being within the extremely wet
category, and a 15% probability of being within the extremely dry
category, leaving a 70% probability that the precipitation will not be
extreme. The maps indicate areas of increased risk of extreme
precipitation totals. Three levels of increased risk are defined:
slightly enhanced risk, enhanced risk, and greatly enhanced risk. For
slightly enhanced risk, there is a 25-40% probability that precipitation
will be within the indicated extreme, i.e. wet or dry. This represents
an approximate doubling of the climatological risk. For enhanced risk,
there is a 40-50% probability that precipitation will be within the
indicated extreme. This represents an approximate tripling of the
climatological risk. For greatly enhanced risk, the probability that
precipitation will be within the indicated extreme exceeds 50%, i.e. the
indicated extreme is the most likely outcome. A similar map is provided
in the first season indicating probabilities of
extreme temperature
anomalies.
Boundaries between sub-regions should be considered as transition zones,
and their location considered to be only qualitatively correct.
December-February&2009 through March-May 2009
The following tables summarize the precipitation and temperature probability forecasts:
Summary of PRECIPITATION forecast for Europe
Leads 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer, respectively, to the upcoming seasons:
Dec-Jan-Feb Jan-Feb-Mar Feb-Mar-Apr Mar-Apr-May
A non-enhanced probability for above or below normal is 33%.
(There is a near-normal category whose non-enhanced probability is also 33%.)
The following countries or regions out of the 36 in Europe
have at least half of their area under a PRECIPITATION forecast for:
At least At least
Substantially slightly slightly Substantially
enhanced enhanced enhanced enhanced
probability probability probability probability
(>48%) for (>38%) for (>38%) for (>48%) for
below normal below normal above normal above normal
Summary of TEMPERATURE forecast for Europe
Leads 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer, respectively, to the upcoming seasons:
Dec-Jan-Feb Jan-Feb-Mar Feb-Mar-Apr Mar-Apr-May
A non-enhanced probability for above or below normal is 33%.
(There is a near-normal category whose non-enhanced probability is also 33%.)
The following countries or regions out of the 36 in Europe
have at least half of their area under a TEMPERATURE forecast for:
At least At least
Substantially slightly slightly Substantially
enhanced enhanced enhanced enhanced
probability probability probability probability
(>48%) for (>38%) for (>38%) for (>48%) for
below normal below normal above normal above normal
ALBANIA
lead 4
AUSTRIA
leads 3 and 4
BELGIUM-LUXEMBURG
leads 1,2,3 and 4
BELARUS
leads 3 and 4
BOSNIA HERZG
lead 4
CROATIA
lead 4
CZECH REP
leads 3 and 4
DENMARK
leads 1,2,3 and 4
ESTONIA
leads 3 and 4
FINLAND
leads 3 and 4
FRANCE
leads 2,3 and 4
GERMANY
leads 1,2,3 and 4
GREECE
lead 4
HUNGARY
leads 3 and 4
ICELAND
lead 1
IRELAND
leads 2,3 and 4
IRELAND
leads 3 and 4
ITALY
leads 3 and 4
LATVIA
leads 3 and 4
LITHUANIA
leads 3 and 4
MACEDONIA
lead 4
MOLDOVA REP
leads 2,3 and 4
NETHERLANDS
leads 1,2,3 and 4
NORWAY
leads 1,2,3 and 4
POLAND
leads 1,3 and 4
PORTUGAL
leads 1,2,3 and 4
ROMANIA
lead 3
SLOVAKIA
leads 3 and 4
SLOVENIA
leads 3 and 4
SPAIN
leads 1,2,3 and 4
SWEDEN
leads 3 and 4
SWITZERLAND
leads 1,2,3 and 4
TURKEY
leads 1,2 and 4
UK
leads 1,2,3 and 4
UKRAINE
leads 2,3 and 4
YUGOSLAV FR
lead 4
OBSERVED CLIMATOLOGY DATA for Dec-Jan-Feb,
Jan-Feb-Mar, Feb-Mar-Apr and Mar-Apr-May
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CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGE:
TERCILE THRESHOLDS (33%-ile & 67%-ile):
EXTREME THRESHOLDS (15%-ile & 85 %-ile):
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